Which of the following best defines a hard clash?

A hard clash in the context of Building Information Modeling (BIM) refers to an actual overlap of components in a project. This situation occurs when two or more elements occupy the same physical space, which creates a direct conflict that must be resolved in the design phase to avoid construction issues later on. Hard clashes typically require redesign or relocation of components to ensure proper fit and function within the built environment.

On the other hand, options related to differences of opinion or scheduling conflicts do not pertain to the physical interactions between components, which distinguishes them from the definition of a hard clash. Cooperative interactions among components also fall outside this definition, as they suggest harmony rather than conflict. Understanding these nuances is critical for effective clash detection and resolution in BIM processes, ensuring a smoother construction workflow.